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Broader analysis of Finance Act, 2025

    Dr. Ikramul Haq & Abdul Rauf Shakoori   The National Assembly of Pakistan on June 27, 2025 approved the Rs.17.6 trillion worth budget for the fiscal year 2025-26, along with Rs. 463 billion new taxes, emphasizing to bring…

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Critique of extractive capitalism—II Surplus, wealth circulation & human development

  Dr. Ikramul Haq Modern economic systems continue to operate on a foundational assumption: accumulation drives growth. Wealth concentration is often portrayed as a necessary by-product of innovation, efficiency and productivity. Nevertheless, contemporary evidence increasingly suggests that excessive accumulation (extreme…

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Critique of extractive capitalism—I Growth, inequality & insecurity

    Dr. Ikramul Haq   Modern capitalism has become extractive, concentrating wealth and generating insecurity. Traditional socialism also failed to protect individual autonomy. A humanistic economic framework is needed—one that promotes cooperation, economic security and development of human potential….

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