Huzaima Bukhari, Dr. Ikramul Haq & Abdul Rauf Shakoori With limited access to external funding, government debt has increasingly been taken up by the banking sector and, as a result, banks’ holdings of domestic government debt has surged to…
Budget & Ashrafiya
Dr. Ikramul Haq Pakistan is controlled and ruled by ashrafiya (elites)—comprising indomitable military brass, top civil bureaucracy, higher judiciary, landed upper crust and their cronies in politics, industrialist-turned politicians, religious and so-called spiritual leaders (sic), media tycoons…