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Blatant violation of 18thAmendment 

Dr. Ikramul Haq & Abdul Rauf Shakoori The National Assembly of Pakistan, through Finance Act, 2022 (Act No. XIII of 2022) amended the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 (“the Ordinance”) inserting section 7E to retrospectively tax (tax year 2022 onwards) the…

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Critique of extractive capitalism—II Surplus, wealth circulation & human development

  Dr. Ikramul Haq Modern economic systems continue to operate on a foundational assumption: accumulation drives growth. Wealth concentration is often portrayed as a necessary by-product of innovation, efficiency and productivity. Nevertheless, contemporary evidence increasingly suggests that excessive accumulation (extreme…

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Critique of extractive capitalism—I Growth, inequality & insecurity

    Dr. Ikramul Haq   Modern capitalism has become extractive, concentrating wealth and generating insecurity. Traditional socialism also failed to protect individual autonomy. A humanistic economic framework is needed—one that promotes cooperation, economic security and development of human potential….

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