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Taxing “agricultural income” qua Constitution

 Huzaima Bukhari & Dr. Ikramul Haq Taxation of “agricultural income” is the sole prerogative of provincial governments under the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan (“the Constitution”). The laws (sic) enacted by all the four provinces for taxing this income are unconstitutional,…

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Critique of extractive capitalism—II Surplus, wealth circulation & human development

  Dr. Ikramul Haq Modern economic systems continue to operate on a foundational assumption: accumulation drives growth. Wealth concentration is often portrayed as a necessary by-product of innovation, efficiency and productivity. Nevertheless, contemporary evidence increasingly suggests that excessive accumulation (extreme…

Critique of extractive capitalism—I Growth, inequality & insecurity

    Dr. Ikramul Haq   Modern capitalism has become extractive, concentrating wealth and generating insecurity. Traditional socialism also failed to protect individual autonomy. A humanistic economic framework is needed—one that promotes cooperation, economic security and development of human potential….

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